At a seminar yesterday the speaker described his project as one of discovering the conditions for an economy without interest on loans. In other words, what would the financial system of the ideal Islamic state be like? This raised a number of issues for me, which there wasn’t enough time to pursue. I’m wondering if someone conversant in the topic can help.
What’s the ethical basis for a prohibition on usury? Obviously there is nothing uniquely Islamic about it. The doctrine was, as we all know, espoused by Aristotle and subsequently by the scholastics, and was the basis for anti-usury laws in Christendom until about the 16th Century. The original ethical basis is not hard to imagine. Usurers generally took advantage of a monopoly position as money owners and charged exploitative rates to poor people, often sending them to ruin. It runs in the face of our instinctive revulsion to seeing a man kicked when he’s down.
But it seems that Aristotle’s philosophical argument against usury was that that interest is unearned income. However, as Alfred Marshall pointed out, there is no essential difference in this respect between leasing someone a horse and lending him the money to buy a horse. In both cases income is earned by virtue of owning property. Marshall thought the anti-usury doctrine was essentially the same as the Marxist doctrine of surplus value. (Continued)