The idiocies of regulation edition #473

One of the things I have against academics is that they are supposed to be smart. They are smart.  Yet get enough of them together and you get this – from Robin Hanson. Words fail me.

Once upon a time some researchers gave people diseases without their consent or knowledge. Other researchers let volunteers think that they were torturing folks. This so horrified many that they created a system of regulation where any academic “experiments” must have prior approval by an Institutional Review Board (IRB). And that system has expanded to the point of requiring prior approval for any interaction between researchers and non-researchers intended to be the basis of an academic publication.

That is, researchers seeking publication can’t talk to people (e.g., survey), or buy or sell something with them, or even pay them to do trivial tasks like correcting spelling mistakes, without first writing out a detailed plan months in advance and getting that approved by a committee of other academics.

One common rule is “informed consent” – people must be informed in great detail of the consequences of their interacting with the researchers – they must be told much more than ordinary people must tell when they deal with each other. A second common rule is that people must benefit in some other way than money – they must gain some sort of intellectual insight or learning. A third common rule is that no record can be kept of people’s identity unless a really strong reason is offered to the contrary.

IRBs seem a good example of concern signaling leading to over-reaction and over-regulation. It might make sense to have extra regulations on certain kinds of interactions, such as giving people diseases on purpose or having them torture others. But it makes little sense to have extra regulation on researchers just because they are researchers. That mainly gets in the way of innovation, of which we already have too little.

Notice that researchers continue to be allowed to publish their results, and give lectures and media interviews, without such prior approval. Yet couldn’t ordinary people be harmed by reading articles that induce them to have unethical or unpleasant beliefs?  Of course they could – it is only an accident of history that regulation does not also require prior ethical review of publications.

I learned today that you are not allowed to handle food – even at your school fete – without a certificate of food handling.  My daughter told me – and has the requisite certificate. The certificate costs about $85 to get and takes about three hours.  It could be an OK rule I guess – justified by cost/benefit analysis.  But (assuming this is state regulation rather than school regulation) I’d like to see the analysis – and I must confess to being irritated by it.  Back in the day  . . .  we managed without such certificates.

And it’s hard to believe you couldn’t do it a lot more simply with a course on the net for next to nothing.

Nuclear madness in Idaho

When the SL-1 nuclear reactor exploded in Idaho releasing a radioactive plume and killing three workers, a local paper reported the accident on page 12. That was 1961. Today some residents of Idaho are so worried about the nuclear accident 8000 kilometers away that they’re buying potassium iodide pills.

According to a history by Susan Stacey: "Editorial comment in Idaho and other newspapers categorized the SL-1 accident as a regrettable mishap, an inevitable occurrence if society were to accrue the benefits of a new technology." Today experts argue about whether the thick concrete containment around Fukushima Daiichi’s reactor vessel is safe enough and residents of inland American states worry about nuclear radiation from the accident. But the low-powered SL-1 boiling water reactor in Idaho had no containment. It was designed to be light weight — a prototype for reactors that could be shipped to the Arctic Circle to power remote military radar stations (pdf).

During the 1950s the US military looked to nuclear power as a practical way to solve problems. One problem was how to extend the range of its bombers. It sounds outrageous today, but the air force had plans to power aircraft using nuclear reactors. As a General Electric engineer, told Congress, a nuclear powered aircraft would be "limited in range only by sandwiches and coffee for the crew".

General Electric was one of a number of contractors engaged on the military’s aircraft nuclear propulsion program. At the National Reactor Testing Station (NRTS) in Idaho, GE’s engineers tested a nuclear power plant that sucked air directly into the reactor with the exhaust streaming out of a pair of specially modified jet engines. To test this ‘direct cycle’ engine, GE needed an outdoor test pad. According to Stacey:

Contaminated air could not be allowed to blow out the nozzle indoors—or near work areas. Rather, the reactor-cum-engine traveled back and forth between an assembly area and the test pad, a distance of a mile and a half. A man driving a shielded locomotive hauled a dolly carrying the eighty-ton assembly on four-rail tracks. At the test pad, the engine connected to a "coupling station"where the exhaust was filtered, went up a 150-foot stack, and was released to the open air (pdf).

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Farnarkeling

I’ve spoken about it previously, but I’ve just found the treasure trove above of Farnarkeling reports from the Gillies Report. The form of comedy is so pure that the final song is a bit of a pity – as good as it is – compared with the wonderful reports.

And you can find two more here. If you’ve never seen these things you’re in for a treat!

Missing Link Friday – Atomic edition

The crisis in Japan has dominated the media over the past week. With the earthquake and tsunami over, many bloggers turned their attention the unfolding disaster at the Japanese nuclear power plant Fukushima Daiichi and its implications for the future of nuclear energy.

It’s not Chernobyl

It wasn’t long before some websites were quoting anti-nuclear activist Helen Caldicott: “If both reactors blow then the whole of the Northern Hemisphere may be affected,” she told Independent Australia. But at the East Asia Forum, Harvard University’s Matthew Bunn assures readers that : "As bad as it is, Japan’s nuclear accident is dramatically less catastrophic than Chernobyl." He explains:

… there is no real prospect of a runaway chain reaction as occurred at Chernobyl. Instead, what has happened is the melting of fuel in reactor cores, leading to the release of a very modest amount of cesium and other fission products.

And this seems to be the consensus among nuclear experts. When the ABC’s Norman Hermant asked Leonid Bolshov of the Nuclear Safety Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences what he thought about comparisons to Chernobyl, he said "I think it’s misinformation."

The explainers

In the days following the earthquake, a number of bloggers posted explanations of what was happening at the Japanese nuclear plant. At Larvatus Prodeo Robert Merkel posted a summary. "I probably have made some mistakes", he wrote, "I’m not a nuclear engineer. But I’ve been reading stuff by nuclear engineers, which is more than most of the people writing about this stuff…"

A popular summary was written by MIT’s Josef Oehmen. According to Oehmen, the summary started as an email sent to family and friends. But after it was posted by Jason at Morgsatlarge, it went viral. Oehmen writes:

I am a mechanical engineer and research scientist at MIT. I am not a nuclear engineer or scientist, or affiliated with Nuclear Science and Engineering at MIT, so please feel free to question my competence.

Students at MIT’s Department of Nuclear Science and Engineering (NSE) are now maintaining a blog with information about the accident at the Fukushima Daiichi nuclear power plant and related issues.

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What ails New Zealand’s economy: turning small size from a weakness to a strength

I’ve just finished a bit of a barnstorm tour of New Zealand giving two presentations with a similar title to that above and a talk on Govt 2.0 which funded the visit. I must say I’ve loved it. Having checked out Auckland and Wellington for the first time in forty years, I can report that they are lovely cities beginning life, as all Australia’s glorious capital cities did, as British provincial cities. The French are generally lionised for the beauty of Paris, and it’s got to be admitted it’s got a lot over London, but did anyone plan more glorious modern cities than the British and did anyone get a better deal than us antipodeans.  I’d love to know who.

In the meantime, everyone seemed engaged in the talks I’ve given and it’s generally been a great visit.

My talk on the NZ economy echoes my findings in this essay I posted a while ago, and the numbers that have emerged since I wrote it don’t change anything much. I expected to run into a fair bit of ideological argy bargy, this presentation being rather more recognisably partisan (though not party political) than most of my stuff – I think the right in NZ are much more ideological than the right in Australia.  As the New Zealand Business Roundtable (NZBR) boasts on its website, it’s “A unique and extraordinary business organisation”. I couldn’t agree more.

As I said to the audience, I couldn’t think of another industry association like it. There are lots of right wing think tanks funded by business – like the CIS and the IPA, but the NZBR is an industry association which is an ideological think tank.  I don’t regard the BCA as a paragon of clear thinking, but it mucks away trying to do what industry associations do, which is advantage its members and ‘position’ them in the debate, as we say these days.

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Milking it for all it’s worth

My first reaction to Coles’ recent milk discounting was that this is good news. Milk is not a huge expense for our family; we buy all our milk at the deli. But for those doing it tough, paying $1 a litre for milk (and lower prices for several other staples) could conceivably make a real difference.

To my surprise, this seems to be a minority view. My wife and my 17-year-old daughter both view Coles’ behaviour with deep suspicion, arguing that it could damage those good-hearted dairy farmers and leave consumers eventually paying higher prices. They looked suspiciously at me when I started to argue the other side of the case. Their view also seems to be the dominant one in the mass media. There’s now a Senate inquiry into cheap milk.

The farm lobby has no doubt helped tilt the way people see all this, but so has consumer group Choice. To my surprise, Choice claims that regulators should investigate whether Coles is engaged in predatory pricing. Says Choice: “It is difficult to see why any retailer would sustain such losses if it were not seeking to eliminate or damage its competitors”. Confronted by lower milk prices,  Choice has claimed that “consumers always say they enjoy cheaper food, but not if farmers are paid less as a result”, and fretted that the discounting could hurt corner stores and other retail outlets.

This turns out to be the thrust of many media stories, and it’s odd. For starters, Coles claims it sells only a tiny proportion of Australia’s milk, a claim which is probably true if only because it is so easily checked, but which also accords with the shopping habits I see every day. (Update: Coles says it sells five per cent of Australian milk production, which would give it about a quarter of the Australian drinking milk market. Half our milk production goes overseas.)  That mean Coles has zero hopes of successful predation. If Choice does not understand this, it is not doing much of a job as the voice of the consumer. Continue reading